Geschichte des Aikido

Aikido ist eine moderne japanische Budo-Disziplin, die von dem japanischen Meister Morihei Ueshiba (1883 – 1969) entwickelt wurde.

O-Sensei Morihei Ueshiba stammt aus einer alten Samurai-Familie und hatte mehrere japanische Kampfkünste wie z.B. Daito-Ryu, das traditionelle Jiu-Jitsu und Schwertkampf betrieben. Ähnlich wie auch Kano, der Begründer des Judo, erkannte er die Problematiken der eher kampforientierten Künste und kam zu dem Schluss, dass die höheren Ideale eines Kampfwegs oder »Do« der japanischen Gesellschaft unseres Jahrhunderts eher angemessen war. So begann er 1938 seinen neuen »Weg der göttlichen Harmonie« das Aikido, zu entwickeln.

O-Sensei Morihei Uyeshiba lernte unter Takeda Sokaku, Daito-Ryu Meister das klassische Jiu-Jitsu und entwickelte aus dem Erlernten das Aikido. Dies bedeutet frei übersetzt: Körper und Geist in Übereinstimmung mit den Gesetzen der Natur und in Harmonie zueinander bringen.

Das aus dem klassischen Jiu-Jitsu stammenden Prinzip, wonach das Weiche das Harte bezwingt und das Nachgiebige das Unnachgiebige besiegt, wurde von Meister Uyeshiba in sein Verständnis von Aikido übernommen, jedoch mit einem grundlegenden Unterschied. Im traditionellen Jiu-Jitsu wurde folgendes gelehrt: »Wenn du geschoben wirst, ziehe zurück; wenn du gezogen wirst, schiebe vorwärts«. In den kreisförmigen Bewegungen des Aikido wird dies zu: »Wenn du geschoben wirst, drehe dich und weiche aus; wenn du gezogen wirst, trete mit kreisförmigen Bewegungen ein«.

Hieraus ergibt sich, dass man auf die Bewegung des Gegners mit einer kreisförmigen Drehung reagiert, und während man sich kreisförmig bewegt, behält man seinen Schwerpunkt, damit er als stabile Bewegungsachse dient. Gleichzeitig wird das Zentrum des Gegners aus dem Gleichgewicht gebracht, und wenn er sein Zentrum verliert, verliert er auch all seine Kraft. Dann kann er schnell und entschieden überwältigt werden.

Aikido lehrt, aggressive Kräfte zu kontrollieren und umzulenken. Durch geschicktes, rechtzeitiges Ausweichen und geschmeidige, fließende Bewegungen paßt man sich einem Angriff an und läßt die Kraft des Angreifers leerlaufen, so dass
der Gegner sein Gleichgewicht verliert und unter Kontrolle gerät. Dies wird durch verschiedene Hebeltechniken unterstützt, woraufhin der Gegner, der, meistens in eine Kreisbahn um den Ausübenden, zu Fall gebracht oder arretiert wird. Es ist eine reine Selbstverteidigungssportart, kein Wettkampfsport.

Quelle: Das Kampfsport-Lexikon von Aikido bis Zen, erschienen im Weinmann Verlag

Zeittafel vom Leben Morihei Ueshibas (engl.)

Year	Event
1882	[Jigoro Kano establishes the Kano Juku School, the forerunner of the Kodokan.]
1883	Birth of Morihei Ueshiba in Tanabe, Kii Province (Wakayama Prefecture) on December 14.
1901	Moves to Tokyo in September and works in business of relative Koshiro Inoue. Studies Tenshin Shinyo-ryu Jujutsu under Tokusaburo Tozawa in Tokyo. Possible brief study of Shinkage-ryu Sword school.
1903	Marries Hatsu Itogawa in Tanabe. Joins 61st Army Infantry Regiment of Wakayama (late December).
1904	[Beginning of Russo-Japanese War.]
1905	Departure of his regiment to Manchurian Front.
1906	Discharged from Army. Returns to Tanabe.
1908	Receives Yagyu-ryu Jujutsu certificate (probably Goto-ha Yagyu Shingan-ryu) from Masanosuke Tsuboi (or Masakatsu Nakai).
1909	[Kodokan Judo Headquarters established.]
1910	To Hokkaido to evaluate government sponsored land development project. Soon returns to Tanabe. Supports botanist Kumagusu Minakata in opposing government shrine consolidation policy.
1911	Brief study of judo under Kiyoichi Takagi in Tanabe. First child, a daughter Matsuko, born.
1912	Heads group of settlers from Kii Province who settle in Aza-Shirataki, Kamiwakibetsu village in Mombetsu County, Hokkaido.
1915	Meets Sokaku Takeda of Daito-ryu Jujutsu in Hisada Inn in Engaru with introduction from Kotaro Yoshida. Completes first 10-day Daito-ryu seminar (March 5).
1916	Engaged in intensive study of Daito-ryu Aikijujutsu.
1917	First son, Takemori, born in July.
1918	Serves as town councilman in Kamiwakibetsu village from June 1918 to April 1919.
1919	Leaves Hokkaido in December due to father’s illness. Turns Shirataki land and property over to his teacher, Sokaku Takeda.
1920	Meets Onisaburo Deguchi of Omoto religion in Ayabe. Father, Yoroku, dies in January. Arrives home in Tanabe shortly after Yoroku’s death. Moves to Ayabe, site of Omoto religion, in Kyoto Prefecture, with family. Opens Ueshiba Juku dojo attached to his residence. Second son, Kuniharu, born in April. Oldest son, Takemori, dies in August. Second son, Kuniharu, dies in September.
1921	[First Omoto incident occurs.]Third son, Kisshomaru (Koetsu), born in June.
1922	Mother, Yuki, dies. Sokaku Takeda visits Ayabe with his family to teach and stays from c. 28 April to 15 September. Receives Kyoju Dairi from Takeda qualifying him as certified Daito-ryu instructor (September).
1924	Goes to Mongolia with Onisaburo Deguchi with goal of establishing a utopian community (February to July). Captured and held prisoner by Chinese military for plotting overthrow of existing government and narrowly escapes death.
1925	Gives special demonstration in Tokyo for high-ranking military officers and dignitaries.
1926	[Kenji Tomiki begins training.]
1927	Moves to Tokyo with entire family. Establishes temporary dojo in billiard room of Count Shimazu’s mansion in Shiba, Shirogane in Sarumachi.
1928	Moves to Shiba, Tsunamachi, site of temporary dojo.
1929	Moves with family to Shiba, Kuruma-machi, and sets up temporary dojo.
1930	Moves to Shimo-ochiai in Mejiro. Judo founder Jigoro Kano observes demonstration by Ueshiba in Mejiro dojo and dispatches several Students from Kodokan including Minoru Mochizuki to study.
1931	Dedication of Kobukan dojo in Ushigome, Wakamatsu-cho. Sokaku Takeda teaches seminar from 20 March to 7 April at Kobukan Dojo. Ueshiba’s name appears in Takeda’s enrollment book.
1932	Budo Senyokai (Society for the Promotion of Martial Arts) is established with Ueshiba as its first head. [Gozo Shioda enters Kobukan Dojo.][Shigemi Yonekawa enters Kobukan Dojo.]
1933	Begins teaching at Asahi News dojo in Osaka with assistance of Takuma Hisa. Technical manual, Budo Renshu, is published. [Rinjiro Shirata enters Kobukan Dojo.]
1935	Making of Asahi News film documentary in Osaka with Takuma Hisa. [Second Omoto Incident occurs. Arrest of Onisaburo Deguchi and his wife and other Omoto leaders.]
1936	Shooting of Noma Dojo photos, more than 1,000 images capturing Morihei Ueshiba’s Aiki Budo technique. Sokaku Takeda appears in Osaka and takes over instruction of Asahi News dojo.
1937	Ueshiba’s name appears along with that of Zenzaburo Akazawa in enrollment book of Kashima Shinto-ryu school.
1938	Prince Teh Wang of Mongolian puppet state hosted at Kobukan Dojo during state visit to Japan. Technical manual, Budo, dedicated to Prince Kaya, containing photographs of Ueshiba’s techniques is published.
1939	Invited to Manchuria to instruct at Kenkoku University. Meets famous sumo wrestler Tenryu who becomes his student. [Koichi Tohei enters Kobukan.]
1940	Attends martial arts demonstration in Manchuria commemorating 2600th anniversary of Japan. [Kenki Tomiki receives first 8th dan given by Ueshiba.][Kisaburo Osawa enters Kobukan.]
1941	Gives demonstration arranged by Admiral Isamu Takeshita at Saineikan dojo on palace grounds before members of imperial family. Teaches at military police academy. Invited to instruct in Manchuria for University Martial Arts Week. Becomes martial arts advisor for Shimbuden and Kenkoku University
1942	Name “Aikido” becomes official and is registered with Ministry of Education. Invited to Manchuria as representative of Japanese martial arts to attend Manchuria-Japanese Exchange Martial Arts demonstrations in commemoration of 10th anniversary of independence of Manchuria (August). Moves to Iwama, Ibaragi Prefecture. Kisshomaru Ueshiba becomes Director of Kobukan Dojo.
1943	First Aiki Shrine built in Iwama.
1945	Kobukai Foundation ceases activity due to postwar ban on martial arts. Iwama dojo completed.
1946	[Morihiro Saito enters Iwama Dojo.]
1947	[Sadateru Arikawa enters Aikikai Hombu Dojo.]
1948	Engages in farming, intensive training, and meditation in Iwama. Zaidan Hojin Aikikai, a non-profit foundation, established 9 February 1948. Aikikai Hombu Dojo moves to Iwama, office opened in Tokyo. Kisshomaru becomes head of Aikikai dojo.
1949	Regular practice resumes at Tokyo Hombu Dojo dojo.
1950	Hiroshi Tada enters Aikikai Hombu Dojo.
1951	[Minoru Mochizuki to France to teach judo and aikido.]
1952	[Koichi Tohei promoted to 8th dan by Ueshiba.][Tadashi Abe relocates to France as student while teaching aikido as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.]
1953	[Koichi Tohei to Hawaii for initial stay of one year.]
1954	Large aikido demonstration held in Tokyo sponsored by the Life Extension Association attended by 15,000 people. [Yoshinkan Aikido Dojo opened in Tsukudo Hachiman.]
1955	Aikikai Hombu (headquarters) moved back to Tokyo from Iwama. Several foreign dignitaries attend a demonstration given by the founder at the Aikikai Hombu arranged by André Nocquet.
1958	Appears in U.S. television documentary Rendez-vous with Adventure. [Kenji Tomiki establishes the Waseda University Aikido Club in April.]
1960	Receives Medal of Honor with Purple Ribbon from Japanese government.
1961	Invited to Hawaii for opening of Honolulu Aikikai (February). Appears in television documentary made by NHK. [Mutsuru Nakazono relocates to France as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.][Masamichi Noro relocates to France as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.][All-Japan Student Aikido Federation established with Ueshiba as president.]
1962	[Aritoshi Murashige relocates to Belgium as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.]
1963	[All-Japan Aikido Demonstration held for the first time at Hibiya Kokaido (October).]
1964	Receives Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, as the founder of aikido. [Hiroshi Tada relocates to Italy as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.][Nobuyoshi Tamura relocates to France as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.][Yoshimitsu Yamada relocates to New York, USA, as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.]
1965	[Katsuaki Asai relocates to Germany as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.][Seiichi Sugano relocates to Australia as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.]
1966	[Kazuo Chiba relocates to London, England, as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.][Shuji Maruyama relocates to USA, settling in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.][Mitsunari Kanai relocates to Boston, USA, as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.][Toshikazu Ichimura relocates to Sweden as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.]
1967	[Yasunari Kitaura relocates to Spain as representative of Aikikai Hombu Dojo.]
1968	[New Hombu Dojo building dedicated.]
1969	Makes final trip to Kansai during which he awards an oral 10th dan rank to Michio Hikitsuchi of Shingu. Gives final demonstration on 15 January at Kagami Biraki Celebration. Succumbs to liver cancer on 26 April. Ashes buried at Kozanji, Tanabe. Hair preserved at Iwama, Kumano Dojo, Ayabe and Hombu Dojo. Made honorary citizen of Tanabe and Iwama. [Wife, Hatsu, dies on 26 June.]

Quelle:www.aikidojournal.com